Shoulder Girdle
Bones
Muscles (all have origins on axial skeleton with insertions on scapula or clavicle)
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Action | Palpate |
| Trapezius | occipital, C7-T12 | posterior clavicle, acromian process, scapular spine | elevate scapula, extend head, upward rotation, adduction, depression | up and down posterior neck to T12, spine to scapula |
| Levator Scapulae | C1-C4 | medial border of scapula above spine | elevate scapula | deep to trapezius |
| Rhomboid | C7-T5 | medial scapula below spine | elevate and retract scapula | deep to trapezius |
| Serratus Anterior | upper 9 ribs | anterior border of scapula | protraction and upward rotation | front and lateral chest |
| Pectoralis Minor | ribs 3-5 | coracoid process | protraction, downward rotation, depression | under pectoralis major |
| Subclavius | rib 1 | "subclavian" groove of clavicle | depression | not palpable |
Glenohumeral (shoulder)
Joint:
-Glenoid fossa of Scapula + Humerus (a- anterior side, b - posterior side)
Movements of Glenohumeral Joint and Muscles Causing Movement:
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| Rotator Cuff (SITS) | ||||
| -Supraspinatus | supraspinous fossa | greater tubercle | abduction | deep to deltoid |
| -Infraspinatus | infraspinous fossa | greater tubercle | horizontal abduction | deep to deltoid |
| -Teres Minor | posteriorly lateral scapula | greater tubercle | horizontal abduction, external rotation | deep to deltoid |
| -Subscapularis | subscapular fossa | lesser tubercle | internal rotation, adduction | deep to deltoid |
| Deltoid | clavicle, scapula, lateral acromian | deltoid tuberosity | flexion, extension, abduction, horizontal abduction | over head of humerus |
| Coracobrachialis | coracoid process | medial humerus | flexion, adduction, horizontal adduction | difficult to palpate |
| Teres Major | lateral scapula above inferior angle | anterior humerus | extension, adduction, internal rotation | posterior scapular surface |
| Latissimus Dorsi | illium, sacrum, T6-L5 | anterior humerus | extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, internal rotation | posterior aspect of trunk below axilla |
| Pectoralis Major | clavicle, ribs, sternum | lateral humerus | adduction, horizontal adduction, internal rotation, flexion, abduction | broad area of anterior chest |
Common Shoulder Injuries
Bones
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| Biceps Brachii | scapula superior to glenoid fossa (long and short) and coracoid process (short head) | radial tuberosity | arm and forearm flexion | anterior humerus and elbow |
| Brachialis | distal 1/2 of anterior humerus | coronoid process of ulna | flex forearm | lateral upper arm under biceps brachii |
| Brachioradialis | lateral epicondyle of humerus | distal radius at styloid process | flex forearm, pronate, supinate | lateral anterior forearm |
| Triceps Brachii | scapula (long), posterior humerus (lateral and medial) | olecranon of ulna | extend forearm and arm | posterior and lateral humerus |
| Anconeus | posterior lateral condyle of humerus (capitulum) | posterior olecranon of ulna | extend elbow | posterior and lateral aspect of olecranon |
| Supinator | lateral epicondyle of humerus above capitulum | lateral surface of proximal radius | supinates forearm | not palpable |
| Pronator Teres | distal and medial humerus, medial ulna | medial 1/3 of lateral radius | pronation, weak elbow flexion | anteromedial surface of proximal forearm |
| Pronator Quadratus | distal 1/4 of anterior ulna | distal 1/4 of anterior radius | pronation | not palpable |
Elbow Injuries
Bones
(29 including radius and ulna)
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| Flexors
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Extensors
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Chapter 7 Key Terms
| acromioclavicular joint (185) | irregular joint between the accromion process of the scapula and the distal clavicle |
| bursae (188) | sacs secreting synovial fluid internally that lessen friction between soft tissues around joints |
| coracoclavicular joint (185) | syndesmosis with the coracoid process of the scapula bound to the inferior clavicle by the coracoclavicular ligament |
| epicondylitis (207) | inflammation and sometimes microrupturing of the collagenous tissues on either the lateral or the medial side of the distal humerus; believed to be an overuse injury |
| extrinsic muscles (215) | muscles with proximal attachments located proximal to the wrist or ankle and distal attachments located distal to the wrist or ankle |
| glenohumeral joint (185) | ball and socket joint in which the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula |
| glenoid labrum (186) | rim of soft tissue located on the periphery of the glenoid fossa that adds stability to the glenohumeral joint |
| humeroradial joint (200) | gliding joint in which the capitellum of the humerus articulates with the proximal end of the radius |
| humeroulnar joint (200) | hinge joint in which the humeral trochlea articulates with the trochlear fossa of |
| intrinsic muscles (ulna) (215) | muscles with both attachments distal to the wrist or ankle |
| radiocarpal joints (208) | condyloid articulations between the radius and three carpal bones |
| radioulnar joints (201) | the proximal and distal radioulnar joints are pivot joints; the middle radioulnar joint is a syndesmosis |
| retinaula (208) | fibrous bands of fascia |
| rotator cuff (187) | band of tendons of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, which attach to the humeral head |
| scapulohumeral rhythm (188) | a regular pattern of scapular rotation that accompanies and facilitates humeral abduction |
| sternoclavicular joint (184) | modified ball and socket joint between the proximal clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum |
| Upper Extremity Bones and Landmarks to Know |
| Movements Caused by Upper Body Musculature |
| Anatomy and Physiology Related Links |
| Sports Medicine Related Links (Injuries) |