Basic Anatomy

1. Anatomical Reference Position - erect standing position - feet slightly separated - arms hanging relaxed at the sides - palms of hands facing forward

2. Directional Terms

- Right/Left: toward right or left side
- Superior / inferior:  closer/farther to/from the head = cranial/caudal
- Anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal):  toward the front/back of the body = ventral/dorsal
- Medial / laterial:  toward/away from the midline of the body
- Proximal / distal: closer/away to/from the trunk
- Superficial / deep: inside the body and toward/away from the body surface
- Contralateral/ipsilateral: on other side/on same side

- Sagittal plane:  splits body vertically into left and right sections = anteroposterior plane
- Frontal plane: splits body vertically into front & back sections = coronal plane
- Transverse plane: splits body into top & bottom sections
- Diagonal plane: not a "cardinal" plane (used to describe many sport movements) 

- Frontal axis - imaginary line around which sagittal plane rotations occur
- Sagittal axis - imaginary line around which frontal plane rotations occur
- Longitudinal axis - imaginary line around which transverse plane rotations occur

Joint Motions
1. Sagittal Plane Motion

• Flexion/Extension - reduce or increase joint angle back to anatomical
• Hyperextension - extension beyond anatomical
• Dorsiflexion - bringing toes toward tibia
• Plantar flexion -point/plant toes or ball of the foot

• Abduction / Adduction - moves away from/closer to body midline
• Lateral flexion - trunk and neck
• Elevation / Depression - scapula (shoulder girdle)
• Radial / Ulnar deviation - wrist
• Inversion / Eversion:  inward (medially)/outward (laterally) rotation of the sole of the foot

• Medial/Lateral rotation - rotation toward/away from midline on the body
• Left/Right rotation - head, neck & trunk
• Pronation/Supination - forearm
• Horizontal Adduction/Abduction:  arm or leg flexed at 90 degrees
• Protraction (Scapular Abduction)/Retraction (Scapular Adduction) - shoulder girdle forward and backward to anatamical position

• Circumduction - combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction & rotation resulting conical motion
• Diagonal Abduction/Adduction - diagonally away from and toward midline
• Upward Rotation of Shoulder Girdle - (transverse and frontal plane movement) turning glenoid fossa upward and moving inferior angle superiorly and laterally away from spinal column (up for lat pull)
• Downward Rotation of Shoulder Girdle - returning inferior angle medially and inferiorly toward spinal column and glenoid fossa to normal (lat pull)
• Opposition - diagonal movement, thumb goes across hand (diagonal plane)
• Pelvic Forward/Backward Rotation - top of pelvis goes forward/back (sagital plane)
• Lateral Tilt - lower and raise one hip (pelvic girdle), walking steps
• Pelvic Transverse Rotation - open up the hips (one side of pelvis is more anterior), baseball, javelin
• Additional terms to know - Prone - face down, Supine - face up

Motion of Objects
3 Forms of Motion:

• Linear motion (Translation):  all points on the body show the same trajectory (motion along a line)

Rectilinear: straight path

Curvilinear: curved path

• Angular motion (Rotation):  rotation around an axis of rotation

• General Motion - combination of linear motion + angular motion

Analysis of Motion
Mechanical System - system to be analyzed, chosen by the analyst depending on the focus of interest, Example: whole body, right arm, ball, etc

• Steps:
• Observe Performance
• Identify faults
• Evaluate faults
• Correct faults
• See Figure 2-21 on page 46 of textbook