HABLA INGLÉS EN SU TRABAJO SIN MEMORIZAR

For Videos That Accompany email tommy_dorcey@hotmail.com
Welcome                                                                                                                                Bienvenido Gratis Aqui

                                                                                                                                                Español-Inglés Idiomas

HERE                                                                                                                                               Aqui

Spanish Instruction Book                                                                                          Libro de Instrucción del Inglés

No Memorization Method                                                                                                   Sin Memorizar

Use This Spanish For Your Work Needs                                                                        Aprender El Inglés

All Materials Are Copyrighted            All Rights Reserved

Do Here Now READ ONLY TEXT Free

English Book Part I Chapters 1-7

1. Read How To Pronounce All Spanish Words Phonics Approach

2. Read Some Grammar and Question Formation

Do Here Now PRACTICE ORALLY TASKS

Hundreds of Task QUESTIONS Get Basic Information from clients or customers

English Book Part II Tasks 1-12

1. Read Spanish Formed Questions or Commands

2. GET Only Yes or No Answers

Examples: Do you have insurance? Yes or No

Tiene usted seguro? Si o No

Do you have diabetes? Yes or No

Tiene usted diabetes? Si o No

Venga Come

No Memorization Print Questions You Need at Work

Ask Client from Car, Office, or Work Site

All Materials Are Copyrighted All Rights Reserved

Preface

Page 1

Instruction Orientation

Page 2

Introduction

Page 4
 

Chapter 1 Page 6	Spanish Language Overview The alphabet, the vowels, the consonants, syllabification, cognates, near cognates, general pronunciation instruction, vocabulary and practice tape lesson one.
Chapter 2 Page 17	Parts of Speech, Spanish Sentences, Questions and Phrases The word order of a Spanish sentence, some parts of speech, and adjectives. Practice tape lesson two.
Chapter 3 Page 21	Verb Tenses and Conjugation Concepts How to conjugate a verb, regular and irregular verbs and verb charts.Practice tape lesson three.Appendix 1
Chapter 4 Page 26	English and Spanish Question Formation Gender and Number Concepts Agreement in gender and number, how to form positive questions with yes or no answers, how to form negative questions, a Spanish tag type method to make questions, words and phrases. Practice lesson tape four.
Chapter 5 Page 35	Spanish and English Idioms and Idiomatic Phrases Phrases and Words How phrases function in Spanish and English, why you cannot translate them and how to use the dictionary for some assistance, limitations on proficiency and what to do about these situations. Supplemental glossary of slang. Practice lesson tape five
Chapter 6 Page 40	Spanish Directives, Commands and Orders TASK 11 CHART
Chapter 7 Page 43	Spanish Translation, Computer Uses and Problems A Discussion
Chapter 8 Page 49	Scenario Orientation, Tape and Task Chart Usage How to use the scenarios, the task charts, samples 1 and 2, the tapes and how to supplement a task set of questions.

Pronunciation Guide and Frequently Used Words

Spanish Questions and Phrases

Page 70 Section II, Page

TASK 1 General Information Questions 74

TASK 2 Identifying Your Official Position 77

TASK 3 Traffic Stop Misdemeanor 78

TASK 4 Traffic Accident 81

TASK 5 Medical Emergencies 84

TASK 6 Assaults or Fights 90

TASK 7 Juveniles 96

TASK 8 Missing Persons 99

TASK 9 Felony -Stop 104

TASK 10 Domestic Cases 106

TASK 11 Directives, Commands and Orders 114

TASK 12 Physical Descriptions and Terms 117

TASK 13 Miranda Rights 124

TASK 15 Financial Soon

TASK 16 Real Estate Soon

TASK 17 Cars Soon

TASK 18 Dental Soon

TASK 19 School Soon

TASK 20 Personnel TASK 21 Store Soon

Appendix 1 Sample Verb Chart with Tenses

Appendix 2 Suggested Additional Written and Oral Exercises
 
 

This book is drafted to provide a text and materials for learning a limited proficiency in the Spanish language. The concept is very simple. One can learn the pronunciation of Spanish sufficient to nearly always be understood when pronouncing Spanish words. Questions can then be formulated to gain information for a limited and specific task. With this very limited communication, one can use the information to be more effective for some limited but important work situations.

The book is designed for certain kinds of communication by working groups such as police officers and medical personnel so that they may function with sufficient limited proficiency in the language using a tag type questioning format for gaining information for limited tasks on the job.
 
 

I wish to thank all those who have helped inspire and prepare these materials in any way. I especially thank my family who supported this work.

Tommy Dorcey Author

927 Santa Monica Ave.

Lincoln, Nebraska 68504

All Rights Reserved

This text and the tape materials are designed only to give the student a basic but simple exposure to the Spanish language so that they can pronounce the language, give some commands and ask some questions in Spanish.

Because the objectives are so limited, you may want to and should incorporate your own experiences, methods, techniques, plans, and information you deem necessary to achieve the objectives. It is not designed to be comprehensive nor complete in any manner, but if learned, should enable the student to pronounce most Spanish words, be understood, give some commands, and ask simple questions from a chart of questions.

The grammar portions are only a very small overview of some basic concepts that may assist the student to understand a little about how some wording and phrasing will function in a Spanish sentence or question. You will notice immediately that a great deal of traditional material is not present and is omitted because of time constraints and the skill objective.The method chosen to gain information in Spanish is by making a statement and receiving only a yes or no answer so that the questioner will maintain control of the communication. This method is similar to tag questioning in English and is very limiting, but does not theoretically require the student to learn more than pronunciation and asking the question or giving the command from a set of written words in the language consistently. It is suggested that you use your own supplemental drills and techniques you have found successful to achieve these objectives.

The computer and translating portion is optional if time permits and the programs are available. This part also would require the student to have someone who knows Spanish assist them with editing. A native speaker could do this for the student in a very practical manner only if the questions were very simple.If there is time you should supplement with your own materials and methods. The skills and abilities of individual students may require you to vary the materials and instruction and this is a judgment you will have to make for each class.

I suggest you use any of the question scenarios or appendix sections for practice at any time when teaching pronunciation or some of the grammar. Suggested activities are also given. Blank areas could be used for notes or questions that may arise. You will also need a Spanish-English dictionary.
 
 

The scenarios or question sets are separate and accompany this text. The task sets or scenarios are designed for various professionals that may use a particular group of scenarios in their work. Others may not use or study some of the sets of questions but all could use the scenarios for pronunciation practice if desired.
 
 

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS

1. Individual repetition

2. Choral repetition

3. Flash cards

4. Picture recognition

5. Pair students and practice

6. Role playing of tasks

7. Writing vocabulary

8. Syllabification board work

9. Identification of parts of speech in sentences, both languages

10. Dictionary work with pronunciation of completely new words

11. Total physical response drills, especially for commands

12. Substitution exercises

13. Reading tasks in class as a group or individually

14. Use appropriate videos, overheads and tapes to augment the text

15. Games such as matching and bingo

16. Have the student type the task questions briefly from time to time with a computer
 
 

Testing

1. Multiple Choice

2. True False

3. Fill In

4. Sentence Completion

5. Socratic Oral Questioning and Comprehension Exercises

6. Example Creations

For midterm and finals also have native speakers listen when students perform the tasks orally and evaluate if the student can be understood either individually or in groups. Have the native speakers critique the students’ performance.
 
 

The text and materials presented here are designed for a very limited purpose, primarily to communicate and gather in the Spanish language certain information and answers that will enable people by interrogatories to do some of their work.The materials and time constraints will not make you, the student, near native fluent and do not expect that this will happen under these circumstances and limitations. However, once you have mastered the tag type method of asking questions in Spanish, you will be able to function in Spanish to a limited extent for some of your work.

The materials, when mastered, will enable you to collect and gather a great deal of information in a practical and useful manner for specific work tasks and situations.The four skills you will learn are to read, to write, to listen, and to speak some of the language. If these are studied and practiced with effort and concentration, you will develop a limited proficiency and the proficiency necessary to use it in a very limited work situation. If practiced and maintained, you also will not lose these skills once mastered.Generally you should know that it is estimated that it takes about two years with an immersion experience in a second language culture to be able to socially function in a second language.

About five years of study is required with an immersion experience to function academically in a second language. Immersion experience means studying and speaking constantly the language in the native speaking countries or communities for the time estimated. This can vary depending upon the individual, but it helps to know the limitations so that a student’s expectations are not unreasonable.You will learn in a very limited way the four basic skills, how to ask questions, gather limited information, and apply this in a work situation. Developing this limited Spanish proficiency requires that you have a serious attitude, some patience and a willingness to practice.This is not a traditional Spanish course and time does not permit extensive coverage. Many things must be left out that you may have heard about or already know.The computer and translating discussion is supplemental and could be introduced if time permits. Theoretically, one could always update questions and add questions with editing assistance. Your pronunciation skill, once mastered sufficiently, will not be lost and should only require some regular practice and review if you do not pronounce Spanish for a period of time. Language is like a sport, and if you don't practice, then you will lose some of the skills you once performed with ease.The chart tasks are commands and questions designed to acquire some information that is necessary for a person to do a specific task or continue with preliminary work in a given work situation without the assistance of a native speaking individual.

Each chapter is to be read and studied with instruction sufficient to master pronunciation and develop sufficient understanding as to how the language is put together, and then the questions and vocabulary that might be used in given task scenarios are practiced.In the first text chapters you will learn pronunciation and some basic grammar concepts so that you will know how sentences, statements, commands and questions are constructed in Spanish.

Some chart commands and questions will then be practiced. The tape lessons are for developing and practicing your pronunciation of the language, primarily questions or commands for use in limited work tasks.When you have learned and practiced with these materials, you should be able to ask and acquire a great deal of information for a specific work situation or task in the Spanish language and maintain this skill forever.
 
 

This chapter covers the alphabet, the vowels, the consonants, general pronunciation instruction, use of the more technical rules on pronunciation, and how to use practice tape lesson one.

Performance Objectives

When you have completed Chapter 1, you will be able to

1. write the letters of the Spanish alphabet

2. write and say the 5 vowel sounds in Spanish

3. pronounce most consonants in Spanish words

4. pronounce and say Spanish words using the vowels and consonants rules

5. explain simple syllabification

6. explain what a cognate is and give examples

7. explain what a near cognate is and give examples

8. say the numbers 1 to 20 in Spanish

9. say 5 colors in Spanish

10. say 5 interrogatory or question words in Spanish

Any good Spanish textbook or dictionary will contain more information than I have chosen to present in this text. This text will cover the most simple and basic approach that I have used with students and have found to be used most often and remembered. Many exceptions cannot be presented nor practiced for lack of time and space. Any instructor or student who teaches or studies from this text can also add what they have found important and helpful if there is time.

The Spanish alphabet consists of all twenty-six letters in the English language. The Spanish language has these extra letters: rr, ll, ch.

A consonant is any letter in the alphabet that is not a vowel. This means all the letters in the Spanish alphabet are consonants except the five vowels; for example b, m, p, l, s, etc. Generally, every consonant letter has a sound it creates. For example, "m" is pronounced in Spanish like "m" in English, you create the same sound as you would in English. Thus in the word "map" in English or "mapa" in Spanish, the "m" consonant sound is pronounced just like the English. The sounds of each consonant will be listed later along with other rules.
 
 
 
 

MAKE THE FIVE VOWEL SOUNDS

The Spanish language has five vowels: A, E, I, O, U. If you master these five sounds and consistently make them correctly when forming words, you will be understood nearly always, about 98% of the time. This means that if you pronounce these five sounds and use your working pronunciation of the English consonants, you can now pronounce almost every word in the Spanish language. Even if your consonant sounds are not perfect, if the five vowel sounds are made correctly each time you will usually be understood. To do this consistently requires practice and discipline.

If you are getting older, making these five sounds consistently is more difficult because your mouth and tongue muscles prefer or revert to your English sound patterns, so this requires concentration and practice. This is why younger people have an easier time pronouncing any second or third language because their mouth and tongue muscles are not as rigid. Nevertheless if you practice and consistently make the vowel sounds, you will be able to pronounce most words in Spanish and be understood regardless of age.

I will now list and give examples of how to pronounce the five vowel sounds and then the consonant sounds that I have found most useful. You must practice these sounds with the tape lesson and refer back to this if you start to lose your pronunciation sounds or revert back to English sounds which your mouth and tongue muscles prefer. Some exceptions will also be listed.

Spanish Vowels: Some Vowel sounds in English words and Spanish words
 

Vowel	Sound	English Word	Sound Pronunciation	Spanish Word	Sound Pronunciation
A	Ah	Paw	Pah	Papa	Pah pah
E	Eh	Stray	Str eh	Me	Meh Fe Feh
I	Eee	Seize	Seee z	Prisa	Pr eee sah Si Seee
O	Oh	Load	L oh d	No	N oh
U	Ooo	Moo	M ooo	Gusto	G ooo st oh

 

These five sounds must be made correctly every time they are in a Spanish word. You can never omit a vowel sound, blend, or slide over it when a vowel letter is present. This means that the word "industry" in English, which is "industria" in Spanish, must be pronounced as we see and recognize the Spanish vowels present in the word. Thus the vowels in "industria" must be pronounced as indicated here.

industria eeen dooo streee ah

Getting your mind, tongue, and mouth muscles to pronounce vowels correctly each and every time is the challenge. When you have conquered this task, 98% of Spanish pronunciation is accomplished and you will be understood. This cliché may be helpful: "Practice makes perfect." Stress, intonation, and rhythm will develop with practice. In conclusion, MAKE THE FIVE VOWEL SOUNDS.

CONSONANTS

The best approach on consonants is to give the letter the sound you would in English and worry about the exceptions later. You will be correct most of the time.
 

Letter and Name	How the consonant sound is made in most words
	Word Pronunciation
b be	bota=boh tah
c ce	Ponce=pohn say
d de	damos=dah mohs
f efe	Fabio=fah beee oh
g ge	gusto=gooo stoh
h hache	Never pronounce this letter; it is always silent. When this letter is present in a word, make no sound as in Ho=oh, Ha=ah, Hu=ooo, Hi=eee, He=eh. Notice the h is not sounded in the word hola=oh la
j jo ta	trabajo=trah bah hoh Usually give j an English h sound
k ca	rarely used in Spanish, but like the word kilo=keee loh
l ele	Lola=loh lah
ll elle	me llamo=meh yah moh, amarillo=ah mah reee yoh
m eme	mulo=mooo loh
n ene	nacho=nah choh
ñ eñe	mañana=mahn yah nah
p peh	pecho=peh choh
q cu	the letter is pronounced like these words: que=k, qui=keee, quiero=keee eh roh
r ere	ropa=roh pah, roto=roh toh
rr erre or  double rr=doble ere	The letter rr in a word is difficult in Spanish. You must trill the rr’s as in saying "better butter" several times fast perro=peh rroh, carro=cah rroh
s ese	peso=peh soh
t te	taco=tah coh, techo=teh cho
v ve	vamos=vah mohs
w doble ve	rarely used, pronounce like English whiskey=weee skeee
x equis	sexo=seh x oh
y i griega	This letter is the old Greek vowel i, pronounce like eee when alone. Salsa y soda=sahl sah eee soh dah, or a vowel Paraguay=pah rah ruah eee. Sometimes give it the same sound as in English ya=yah.
z zeta	zodiac=zoh deee ahc

For more technical rules and examples, learn and practice the words and rules that follow later.
 
 

Syllabification

I will only introduce this concept briefly, but it is important when you have no one to help you or to imitate when sounding out a new word. Basically, you break a word into syllables just like in primary or grade school.

Rule 1: A vowel sound can stand alone, be pronounced alone and does not always need a consonant.

U / NO =OOO/NOH

vowel alone break consonant vowel

U / NA =OOO/NAH
 
 

Rule 2: A consonant usually must be pronounced with and accompany a vowel.

NA / CHO

consonant-vowel break consonant- vowel

There are other rules, but we will just give some more examples with longer words so that you see this as an approach which can also be developed to help with pronunciation. You can do this on paper, but eventually your mind should do this for speaking purposes.

na/vi/dad ca/sa ca/mi/sa e/du/ca/ci/ón mu/cha/cho po/li/cí/a pi/sto/la

Remember to pronounce the vowel sounds. PI / STO / LA =peee/stoh/lah

PO / LI / CI / A =poh/leee/seee/ah

A diphthong is a word with two vowels together. Both vowels must be pronounced. A vowel can never be omitted and must be pronounced. Two examples are frío = freee oh (cold), and día = deee ah (day).

A cognate is spelled exactly like English, means exactly the same as English, and is pronounced in Spanish which is the only difference. For example, all these words only require Spanish pronunciation: hotel, motel, hospital, plaza, radio, bar, metal, revolver, televisión, and normal.

A near cognate or similar word is spelled almost exactly like English, means exactly the same as English, and is pronounced in Spanish which is the difference. Usually one letter is added or subtracted from the word in Spanish.

For example, all these words only require Spanish pronunciation: estúpido, inteligente, posible, probable, reporte, información, conclusión, accidente, lesión, pistola, plastica, and temperatura. With most of these words, you can predict their meaning without using the dictionary by just eliminating a letter such as the E in Estúpido (stupid), or the E in reporte (report).

There are books that have thousands of words that provide shortcuts to remember vocabulary words like cognates or near cognates. The more you work with the language you will find that your English vocabulary, if sufficient, will enable you to predict thousands of words in Spanish without memorizing or looking them up in a dictionary. Usually the bigger the word, the more you will be able to predict. Almost all words that end in "tion" are the same except in Spanish they end in "ción." Examples: polución, educación, constitución, and fabricación.

You should practice the tape lesson now. The words you will hear on the tape will include a lot of cognates or near cognates. You will be asked to repeat words and while you are doing this try to visualize the vowel sounds, the consonants sounds, and try to do the syllabification process in your mind or even try to write down the sounds you hear.

Usually the Spanish language is written exactly like it sounds, so it is nearly impossible to misspell it if you sounded the word correctly. Again be sure to MAKE THE FIVE VOWEL SOUNDS EVERY TIME. Follow the instructions given on the tape.

Pronunciation practice, Vocabulary and Phrases to learn and practice
 

Numbers=numeros	Colors=colores
uno=one	rojo=red say roh/hoh
dos=two	amarillo=yellow say an/mah/reel/yoh
tres=three	azul=blue say ah/zool
cuatro=four say coo/ah/tro	negro=black say neh/gro
cinco=five say sink/ko	blanco=white say blah/n/ko
seis=six say seh/ee/s	verde=green say vehrd/deh
siete=seven say see/eht/teh	anaranjado=orange say ah/nah/rahn/hah/doh
ocho=eight	color de cafe=brown say ko/lohr/deh/kah/feh
nueve=nine say noo/ehv/veh	pardo=brown say pahrd/doh
diez=ten say dee/ehz	maron=brown say mahr/rohn
once=eleven say ohn/seh	oro=gold say oh/roh
doce=twelve	plata=silver plah/tah
trece=thirteen say treh/seh	morado=purple say moh/rah/doh
catorce=fourteen say kah/tohr/seh
quince=fifteen say keen/seh diez y seis=sixteen say dee/ehz/eee/seh/ee/s	Practice all the colors with model sentences. Changes are made for agreement in gender.
diez y siete=seventeen	La pistola es roja. El carro es negro.
diez y ocho=eighteen	La pistola es negra. El carro es negro.
diez y nueve=nineteen	La medicina es morada. La droga es morada.
veinte=twenty say veh/een/teh
veinte y uno=21 say/veh/een/teh eee ooo/noh
treinta=30 say treh/een/tah	INTERROGATORY (QUESTION) WORDS
cuarenta=40 say quah/rent/tah	Qué=what say keh or K
cincuenta=50 say seen/quent/tah	Cómo=how say koh/moh
sesenta=60 say seh/sent/tah	Dónde=where say dohn/deh
setenta=70 say seh/tent/tah	Quíen=who say kee/en
ochenta=80 say oh/chent/tah	Quénes=whom say kee/en/ehs
noventa=90 say noh/vent/tah	Cuánto=how much say quahn/toh
cien=100 say see/in	Cuántos=how many say quahn/tohs
ciento y uno=101 say see/int/toh/eee/ooo/noh	Porqué=why say pohr/keh
	Do dónde=from where say deh/dohn/deh
	A dónde=to where say ah/dohn/deh
	Para dónde=to where say pah/rah/dohn/deh
	De qué=of what say deh/K
	Cuál=which say kooo/ahl
	Cuáles=which ones say kooo/ahl/lehs

Some exact cognates Some near cognates or similar words

taxi dolar, en, Roma, estúpido, inteligente, carro

plaza

rodeo expresión, educación, inglés, americano, mexicano

animal

verbal perdón, descripción, identificación, solo, grupo

opinión

Phrases

¿Cómo está usted? How are you?

Estoy bien. I am fine.

¿Cómo se llama? What is your name? or How do you call yourself?

Yo me llamo. My name is. or I call myself.

¿De dónde es usted? Where are you from?

Soy de Mexico. I am from Mexico.

¿Cuántos años tiene Usted? say koo/ ahn/ tohs/ , ahn/ yohs, tee/ en/ neh, ooo/ stehd.

How old are you? Tengo 19 años. I am 19 years old.

¿Dónde vive? Where do you live?

Vivo en Omaha. I live in Omaha.

Está casado. ¿ Sí o No? say ehs/ tah cah/ sah/ doh? Seee oh noh

Are you married? Buena suerte. Good LuckAdditional Technical Rules, Pronunciation

These rules and explanations are more complicated, but may be helpful to explain the exceptions to the general rule. Apply your English consonant approach first, then check these rules which are accurate and complete.
 
 

Los consonates

Most of the consonants have nearly the same sounds in Spanish as in English. The following consonants are definitely in this group.

consonants examples

d digo deme

f fantastico fe

l luego lechuga

m mapa media

n no nadie

p padres papa (keep the sound of p gentle.

The sound should not be too loud.)

s sana soledad (keep the sound of the s short . The

sound of the s in Spanish never buzzes

like z in English.)

t tiene total (keep the sound of t short and sharp.)
 
 

Los consonantes

Some of the consonants have different sounds in English and Spanish. The rules governing the pronunciation of the consonant in a category are listed below. Usage of words that contain specific consonants are given after the rule.

H is always silent in Spanish.

hora hijo

Q is always followed by a silent u in Spanish. Qu is pronounced in Spanish like the English k.

quien que equipo

Ñ in Spanish has a sound similar to the sound of ny in canyon and onion. (The line above the n is called a tilde.)

español señorita año

B and V are pronounced alike in Spanish. When pronouncing these letters in Spanish, you should sound as if you were trying to say both b and v at the same time in English. This is a very technical rule and if you miss it you will still be understood easily, so try to follow it but do not worry about it.
 
 

The sounds of b and v in Spanish are softer and more gentle than English. Put your finger in front of your lips when you say the these words. If you feel a lot of air, then your pronunciation is too strong.

balas viene

buenos viejo

bastante venda

C has a strong hard sound and a soft sound in Spanish. C followed by a, o, or u has a strong, hard sound like the k sound in Cap.

cara conejo capitan

C followed by e or i has a soft sound. In most areas of Latin America, the soft sound of c is pronounced like the English s.

Graciela ciego

In some parts of Spain and in very few areas of Latin America, you will hear the soft c pronounced like the English th like a lisp sound. This pronunciation of c is known as the Castillian pronunciation. This is rarely used and is dying out of the language as time goes by.

cinta cinturon cepilla

D has sound in Spanish similar to the sound of a weak or soft d in English. In Spanish, when pronouncing a d that occurs at the beginning of a breath group or follows l or n, the position of the tongue will just touch the back of your front teeth.

candida cantidad candelabra

When the d comes between two vowels in a Spanish word or is located at the end of a word, the sound of the d is similar to the sound of almost two th sounds like these and those.

vestido ustedes

todos decide

G has a strong hard sound and a soft smooth sound in Spanish. When g is followed by a, o, or u; occurs at the beginning of a word; or follows n, the sound of g in Spanish is similar to the strong hard g sound in go.

Gabio galleta gusto gringo

When the g is followed by e or l, the sound of g in Spanish is similar to the strongly exaggerated sound of h in the English word hen.

gente generalísimo

The combinations of letters -gue and -gui are pronounced like the g in go. The u in -gue and -gui is silent. The function of the u in these letter combinations is to make the g hard.

guerra guisano Gutierrez

CH has a sound in Spanish similar to the ch in chocolate.

muchos chaleco chocolate

J has a sound in Spanish similar to the hard h sound in English.

Jalisco juego jugamos

LL has a sound in Spanish similar to the y in ya. Occasionally in Spanish, ll will be pronounced like the sound of -lli in million. However, the l sound is very soft.

llama billete me llamo

T has a crisp sound in Spanish and the tongue should barely touch the back of your upper front teeth.

taco Teresita tamales

Y has a sound in Spanish similar to the y in yes.

yunta mayo

When y means "and" in Spanish, the pronunciation of this word is similar to the sound of the long e in English - ee as in sea

W occurs in Spanish only in words that have a foreign source. The sound of w in Spanish is similar to the sound of w in wobbly

Whiskey

X has two sounds. When x is located at the beginning of a Spanish word, the sound of x is ks. Few words start with x in Spanish.

Xenon

When x occurs in the middle of a word, the sound of x is similar to the sound of j in Spanish or the sound of h in English.

Mexico sexos

Z has the same pronunciation as the s in most Spanish-speaking areas. However, the z in Spanish is not as buzzed or strongly pronounced as it is in English.

zona zebra zorro

When a strictly Castillian pronunciation is used, the z sounds similar to the English th:

zapatos zapatillas

R is pronounced with a slight hitting of the tongue against the ridge behind the front teeth when the r occurs at the end of a word or when the r occurs in the middle of the word and is not preceded by l, n, or s.

mero andar otras beberemos

When r is located at the beginning of a word or when it is preceded by l, n, or s, the r is strongly trilled.

robo ratón alrededor

RR represents a single consonant. In Spanish, rr is strongly trilled, in much the same manner as saying better butter quickly.

perro carro ferrocarril
 
 

Rules for Stress

There are only three rules of stress for spoken Spanish; however, these rules are extremely important. When you have practiced speaking Spanish for awhile, you will normally apply these rules. The words listed after each rule provide usages of the rule.

In Spanish, the stress is placed on the next to the last syllable for words that end in a vowel, in n, or in s.

masa ma / sa

hermanos her / ma /nos

madre ma / dre

estudiante es / tu /di / an / te

tienen ti / en / en

esposos es / po / sos

In Spanish, the stress is placed on the last syllable for words that end in a consonant.

andar an / dar

universidad u / ni /ver/ si /dad

mantel man/ tel

In Spanish, a written accent is placed on the stressed syllable of all words that do not follow the two previous rules.

lección lec / ci / ón

María Ma / rí / a

también tam / bi / én

uníca u / ní / ca

You need to be sure that you have memorized the sounds of the letters and the rules of stress. Knowing how to pronounce words correctly in Spanish helps you spell and use them correctly.
 
 

Diphthongs

In Spanish, vowels are divided into two groups: strong vowels (a, e, o) and weak vowels (i, u). A diphthong is a combination of a strong vowel and a weak vowel or two weak vowels.

If a diphthong is made up of a strong vowel and a weak vowel, both vowels are pronounced but the strong vowel (not the weak vowel) is stressed.

boliviano siete educación cuerpo

If a diphthong is made up of two weak vowels, the second of the two weak vowels is stressed.

ciúdad cuídadoso

Be sure that you have memorized the differences between strong and weak vowels in Spanish. The rules of stress governing diphthongs are very important. When you can pronounce words correctly, you will find conjugating verbs and using words correctly will be much easier.

Again remember that if the vowels are pronounced correctly, most of the words will be understood even if you miss some of these more technical rules.

In this chapter you will be introduced to the word order of a Spanish sentence, questions, and the parts of speech. Practice tape lesson two follows.When you have completed Chapter 2, you will be able to

1. identify or label 8 parts of speech in an English or Spanish sentence

2. explain the difference between a complete sentence and a phrase

3. explain the general word order of a sentence in English and Spanish

4. show where a Spanish adjective is placed and give 4 examples 5. say and write 5 pronouns 6. say 5 body parts in Spanish

7. say 6 common names in Spanish

This chapter is basically for reading and review of the construction of sentences and questions. Some essential grammar background is necessary so you understand how simple sentences, phrases and questions are made in Spanish and English with some differences and similarities noted.

The main parts of speech with definitions and examples are shown here in a very simple and short form.

Noun = name of a person, place, or thing

Subject of a sentence Roberto Omaha taco

Roberto es Cubano. Omaha es grande. El taco es amarillo.

Verb = describes a state of being or action

Jose es (is) Cubano. Jose come (eats) tacos.

Pronoun = takes the place of a noun (Jose) (He) Él es Cubano.

Adjective = describes or modifies other nouns or parts of speech

Amarillo = yellow El taco es amarillo.

Adverb = modifies other verbs or parts of speech

Jose runs fast. Jose corre rapido.

Preposition = preposition words (in on at to etc.)

(In) En el motel the motel

Conjunction = connecting words and = Y (pronounced eee)

Jose y Roberto

Article = defining or limiting words

definite articles and indefinite articles

the = el or la a, an, some

the = los or las un or una un or una unos or unas

Exclamatory = words that exclaim wow= ­caramba!

A complete sentence = contains a Subject , a Verb, and expresses a complete thought

The taco is yellow.

El taco es amarillo.

A complete question = Is the taco yellow?

¿Es el taco amarillo?

Cuándo el carro es amarillo

Phrases may contain a subject and a verb yet not complete a thought.

subject verb

When the car is yellow

There are all kinds of phrases in English and Spanish, such as prepositional phrases (in the cafe), adverbial phrases (eating quickly), idiomatic and noun phrases, etc. You have to put the phrases with a subject and a verb that express a complete thought in both languages to make a complete sentence or a complete question. Examples:

Phrase subject verb article noun+ a complete thought= a sentence

When the car is yellow, Joe identifies the car.

Cuándo el carro es amarillo, Jose identifica el carro.

Does Joe identify the car, when the car is yellow?

¿Identifica Jose el carro, cuando el carro es amarillo?

WORD ORDER

The word order in Spanish is similar to English. First the subject then the verb. Phrases and other words can be placed before or after the subject and verb in both languages. You still must form a complete sentence in both languages even if phrases are contained in the sentence.

IMPORTANT: ADJECTIVES CHANGE POSITION

There is one important exception to learn and master about adjectives. Descriptive adjectives like yellow and big are placed behind or after the noun in Spanish, and in English the adjective is always placed in front of the noun.

Examples: Spanish English

article noun adjective article adjective noun

el carro amarillo the yellow car

the car yellow

el carro grande the big car

the car big

You build the sentences thus: The yellow car is big.

El carro amarillo es grande.

The big car is yellow.

El carro grande es amarillo.

You build questions thus: Is the big car yellow? ¿Es el carro grande amarillo ?

Is the yellow car big ? ¿Es el carro amarillo grande ?

Note the placement of the adjectives which are behind the noun, not in front of the noun.

On the lesson tape we will practice the sentences and questions. We will review some from other lessons also so follow directions given. Pronunciation will be emphasized. I have added some pronunciation help on what may be more difficult words. Translation of each word or verb will be given in the tape and you may want to write these here as the lesson is practiced. Buena suerte. Good luck.

Pronunciation Practice, Vocabulary and Phrases to learn and practice

Body Parts = Partes del Cuerpo Names

cabeza =head Roberto

estómago= stomach Juan

brazo= arm Jose

dedo= finger María

pierna= leg Elena

cuello= neck say koo/ eh/ yoh Lucía

ojo= eye say oh/ hoh Other words

boca= mouth hotel, motel, hospital, ambulancia, policia,

pelo= hair

cabello= hair

partes privados= private parts calle, luz, luces, tren, bus, camión, camioneta

culo= butt

cola= tail doctor, enfermera, médico, medicación, medicina

rodillo= knee say roh/ deeel/ yoh

tobillo=ankle drogas, ayuda, parientes, padres, madre, hermano

fists= punos

hand= mano oficina, investigador, emergencia, tratamiento, cuidado

wrist=muñeca

mente= mind Phrases

nariz = nose ¿Le duele el estómago? say duele=dooo/ ehl/ leh

Does your stomach hurt?

labios=lips ¿Le duele la cabeza?

corazon= heart ¿Le duele la pierna? etc.

higado= liver ¿ Se siente dolor en su pie? say siente=seee/ ent/ teh

Do you feel pain in your foot?

kidneys= rinones ¿Se siente dolor en su brazo?

vena= vain ¿Se siente dolor en la mano?

arteria= artery ¿Quíen es usted? say kee/ en/ ehs ooo/ stehd

calf= pantorrillo ¿Habla usted ingles? Yo no hablo español.

cheek= mejilla ¿Cuántas personas hay en su carro?

teeth= dientes

internal= internal

piel= skin

pie= foot

dedo del pie= toe

lengua= tongue

oreja= ear

oido= hearing
 
 

When you have completed Chapter 3, you will be able to 1. explain verb conjugation in English and Spanish and the function of a tense

2. name the 3 kinds of verbs in Spanish

3. explain the difference between a regular verb and an irregular verb

The verb is one of the most critical parts of the English and Spanish languages. The verb controls how to describe a state of being, existence, actions and tenses (the time of the action or state).

Here are some samples:

type of verb time or tense type of verbstate of being action

I am Cuban. present tense I eat.

I was Cuban. past tense I ate.I will be Cuban. future tense I will eat.I have been Cuban. present perfect I have eaten

However, the most important function is to tell us the time when actions take place or when a state of being exists or existed. There are several tenses or expressions of time in both English and Spanish and they are similar.

In the English and Spanish languages there are about 16 tenses; 4 samples were listed above. All of us can remember memorizing the regular pattern verbs and the irregular verbs from primary or grade school.

You need to show the time of the action or state of being in a sentence and who or what (subject) is involved in the action or state of being in the sentence or question.The same process must take place in Spanish, although you will not work at verb conjugation and tenses a lot because it is very time consuming.

There are verb charts that show most of the conjugations and verb tenses for a few verbs. You can also buy verb conjugation books that show hundreds of verbs conjugated and charted. This process is one of the reasons it takes so long to master a second language, and this same process took many years to master in English, your first language.

CONJUGATION

There only are three kinds of verbs in Spanish: verbs that end in AR, ER, and IR. If you look up a word in a dictionary and a V is next to it, that means it is a verb. It can be conjugated in all the tenses, and the process of formation must be either in your mind from study and practice or from a verb chart book.

Our standard regular verbs to show the process will be those you might use to make sentences or questions at work. Do you smoke? Do you drink whisky? Where do you live? The underlined words are the verbs and the person the questioner asks is you, and in Spanish "you" could be you (plural) or you (singular) and the time or tense is present (now or habitually).

The verb smoke in Spanish is an AR verb - FUMAR, the verb drink is an ER verb - BEBER, and the verb live is an IR verb - VIVIR. These verbs are not conjugated yet because if we just say he smoke, she smoke, or he drink, she drink, or he live , she live we have the verb in the unconjugated form. This is incorrect because the verb does not match the person doing the action and no verb conjugation has been created.

Most of the subject pronouns (the person doing the action) in English and Spanish are listed here.

I She He You (singular) We You (plural) They (feminine) They (masculine)

Yo Ella Él Usted Nosotros Ustedes Ellas Ellos

Pronunciation is as follows for some of these pronouns:

Usted = ooo steh d, Ustedes= ooo steh dehs

Ella= eh ya, Él= L, Ellas= eh yahs, Ellos= eh yohs

In Spanish, often the subject pronoun is omitted in front of the conjugated verb unless it is not clear who is the subject in the sentence; then it should be added. The conjugation and its form contain the subject inside or within the verb word itself.

You drop the AR, ER, or IR part of the verb and add pattern endings that correspond to the person or subject doing the action or in the state of being. The front part or stem of the verb stays the same unless it's irregular. Only the ending patterns must be learned for regular verbs.

The patterns and conjugations of these regular verbs in the present tense include all the persons or subjects in a sentence. Just analyze and think about these patterns now.

PRESENT TENSE (time)

FUMAR SMOKE BEBER DRINK VIVIR LIVE

Yo fumo I smoke Yo bebo I drink Yo vivo I live

Usted fuma You smoke Usted bebe You drink Usted vive You live

Ella fuma She smokes Ella bebe She drinks Ella vive She lives

Él fuma He smokes Él bebe He drinks Él vive He lives

Nosotros fumamos We smoke Nosotros bebemos We drink Nosotros vivimos We live

Ustedes fuman You smoke Ustedes beben You drink Ustedes viven You live

Ellos fuman They smoke Ellos beben They drink Ellos viven They live

Ellas fuman They smoke Ellas beben They drink Ellas viven They live

Notice that some of the verb endings also change in English. This process is called conjugating a verb in one of the sixteen possible tenses available in both languages.

PAST TENSE(time) or PRETERITE

FUMAR SMOKED BEBER DRANK VIVIR LIVED

Yo fumé I smoked Yo bebí I drank Yo viví I lived

Usted fumó You smoked Usted bebió You drank Usted vivió You lived

Ella fumó She smoked Ella bebió She drank Ella vivió She lived

Él fumo He smoked El bebió He drank Él vivió He lived

Nosotros fumamos We smoked Nosotros bebimos We drank Nosotros vivimos We lived

Ustedes fumaron You smoked Ustedes bebieron You drank Ustedes vivieron You lived

Ellos fumaron They smoked Ellos bebieron They drank Ellos vivieron They lived

Ellas fumaron They smoked Ellas bebieron They drank Ellas vivieron They lived

Now we will put all the concepts of parts of speech and some verb conjugations together and build some longer sentences and questions. Try to do it without looking at the Spanish first. Your mind should be thinking not only about vocabulary, but especially how to insert the verb conjugation in the sentence. We will use cognates and near cognates for vocabulary.

The verbs here are all in the present tense.

We smoke marijuana and drink whisky in the yellow car and live in Omaha.

Fumamos marijuana y bebemos whisky en el carro amarillo y vivimos en Omaha.

The verbs here are all in the past tense.

We smoked marijuana and drank whisky in the yellow car and lived in Omaha.

Fumamos marijuana y bebimos whisky en el carro amarillo y vivimos en Omaha.

Did you smoke marijuana in the yellow car? Yes or No

Fumó usted marijuana en el carro amarillo. ¿ Sí o No?

You drank the whisky in the yellow car? Yes or No

Bebió usted el whisky en el carro amarillo. ¿Sí o No?

They live in Omaha? Yes or No

Ellas viven en Omaha. ¿Sí o No?

You smoked marijuana and drank whisky and you lived in Omaha? Yes or No

Usted fumó marijuana y bebió whisky y usted vivió en Omaha. ¿Sí o No?

I smoked marijuana and I lived in Omaha.

Yo fumé marijuana y yo viví en Omaha.
 
 
 
 

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs can be regular in some tenses and very irregular in others. All you can do to remember these is practice and memorize them, hope that they will stick in your mind from practice and usage, or look them up in the verb charts. The pattern endings and often the front or stem part of the verb can be very different. Many times parts of the conjugation will be just like the regular patterns.

Here are some irregular verbs conjugated in the present tense and then the past tense.

Ser = to be

I am Yo soy I was Yo fui

You are Usted es You were Usted fue

He is Él es He was Usted fue

She is Ella es She was Ella fue

We are Nosotros somos We were Nosotros fuimos

You are Ustedes son You were Ustedes fueron

They are Ellas son They were Ellas fueron

They are Ellos son They were Ellos fueron

Estar = to be

I am Yo estoy I was Yo estuve

You are Usted está You were Usted estuvo

He is Él está He was Usted estuvo

She is Ella está She was Ella estuvo

We are Nosotros estamos We were Nosotros estuvimos

You are Ustedes están You were Ustedes estuvieron

They are Ellas están They were Ellas estuvieron

They are Ellos están They were Ellos estuvieron

These are the two verbs that you use in Spanish for the idea of to be and there are several rules you have to learn to know which verb form to use for the idea of is, am, and are. These rules cannot be covered here.

Ir = to go

I go Yo voy I went Yo fui

You go Usted va You went Usted fue

She goes Ella va She went Ella fue

He goes Él va He went Él fue

We go Nosotros vamos We went Nosotros fuimos

You go Ustedes van You went Ustedes fueron

They go Ellas van They went Ellas fueron

They go Ellos van They went Ellos fueron
 
 

Sentir= to feel

I feel Yo siento I felt Yo sentí

You feel Usted siente You felt Usted sentió

She feels Ella siente She felt Ella sentió

He feels Él siente He felt Él sentió

We feel Nosotros sentimos We felt Nosotros sentimos

You feel Ustedes sienten You felt Ustedes sentieron

They feel Ellas sienten They felt Ellas sentieron

They feel Ellos sienten They felt Ellos sentieron

Poder = to be able to or can

I can Yo puedo I could Yo pude

You can Usted puede You could Usted pudo

She can Ella puede She could Ella pudo

He can Él puede He could Él pudo

We can Nosotros podemos We could Nosotros pudimos

You can Ustedes pueden You could Ustedes pudieron

They can Ellas pueden They could Ellas pudieron

They can Ellos pueden They could Ellos pudieron

On the lesson tape we will practice the conjugations and make sentences and questions. We will review some from other lessons also, so follow directions given.

Pronunciation will be emphasized. I have added some pronunciation help on what may be more difficult words. Translation of each word or verb will be given in the tape and you may want to write these here as the lesson is practiced.
 
 

Vocabulary

Phrases

parte de arriba = top part

abajo = below or lower

east = este

sur = south

north = norte

west = oeste

cuneta = ditch

curb = bordillo

acera = sidewalk

camino = roadcarretera = highway

herida = wound

daño = damage

rapido = fast

despacio = slow

lento = slowly

mucho = a lot

poco = a liitle

pequeño = little

grande = big

sangre = blood

lesión = cut

golpe = hit

fuerte = strong

dolor de cabeza = headache

debil = weak

bebidas = drinks

agua = wateraquí = here

Agreement in gender and number, how to form positive questions with yes or no answers, how to form negative questions with yes or no answers, questions words and phrases. Practice lesson tape three.

When you have completed Chapter 4, you will be able to: 1. define what is gender and number in the Spanish language and give examples

2. recite the LONERS rules for masculine nouns and 3 rules for feminine nouns

5. list 2 ways to make a question in Spanish and make questions

6. explain what word order means in forming a question

7. learn the tag question method and make tag questions in Spanish

8. explain why helping words like do, don't, did, and didn't are not used.

9. say 4 car parts, 3 clothing parts, and 4 directions in Spanish

10. ask 3 questions about physical condition in Spanish

Agreement in Gender and Number

Gender

In the Spanish language, articles like a, the, and some; nouns like man, shirt, radio, and book; and adjectives like red, yellow, big, little, and stupid will have a gender masculine or feminine.

They will also have a number that is singular or changed and made plural. The idea of gender seems strange to an English speaker and that is because it is not like English. This requires a lot of mental and memorization effort especially when trying to speak Spanish without errors.Fortunately, if an error is made, it is not usually a major problem since it will not affect your communication and you will be understood. To the listener it is just annoying or requires them to mentally correct the communicated words in their mind. Understanding is usually not affected.

There are logical rules and guidelines that can help or you can look the word up in the dictionary. An "f" means it’s feminine in gender and an "m" means it’s masculine in gender.The classification of gender for nouns is arbitrary and grammatical and is not based on biological reasoning. Nouns that represent things such as doors, pistols, cars, and shirts are not viewed as female or male or masculine and feminine. Historically they just receive an arbitrary classification.

Nouns that represent people or persons such as man (hombre), woman (mujer), girl (chica), boy (chico), husband (esposo), wife (esposa), friend (amigo - male) or friend (amiga - female) are viewed or identified as feminine or masculine.

Notice that changes are usually made in the endings from O to A . Besides the dictionary (f) feminine or (m) masculine, here are some guidelines that generally tell what the gender of the word is going to be unless it is an exception.

Guidelines:

General Rule 1 If the word ends in O like carro, it’s masculine.

If the word ends in A like pistola, it’s feminine.

A high percentage of words end in A or O.
 
 

General Rule 2

If the word ends in the consonant L like carcel (jail), it’s masculine.

If the word ends in the vowel O like ojo (eye), it’s masculine.

If the word ends in the consonant N like cabron (you bastard), it is masculine.

If the word ends in the vowel E like estimulante ( stimulant), it is masculine.

If the word ends in the consonant R like revolver (revolver), it is masculine.

If the word ends in the consonant S like pompis (bottom), it is masculine.Notice this spells the word LONERS which is a way to remember most masculine words.

General Rule 3

If the word ends in the vowel A like casa (home, house), it’s feminine.

If the word ends in DAD (ty) like cantidad (quantity), it’s feminine.

If the word ends in CIÓN (tion) like educación (education), it’s feminine.

For some words the noun does not change but the article does and the article indicates the gender. Estudiante (student) - el estudiante (the student)

Mary is the student. María es la estudiante.

Jose is the student. Jose es el estudiante.Remember there are exceptions to any of these guideline formulas. For example agua (water) which ends in A should be feminine, but it is not and you say "El agua es negro" (The water is black) rather than "La agua es negra."

Since the nouns have gender, adjectives (words that describe or modify nouns) usually change their endings from O to A according to the gender of the noun that the adjective modifies.

For example, the word for black (an adjective) is negro but it may need to be changed to negra depending upon the gender of the noun it modifies. Car =carro (masculine noun) and pistol = pistola (feminine noun) require changes. The noun controls the adjective and the article.

Notice this in these questions.

verb article noun adjective verb article noun adjective

Is the car black? Is the pistol black? ¿Es el carro negro? ¿ Es la pistola negra?

Spanish has definite articles and they change to singular and plural and to feminine or masculine depending upon the noun they modify. The Spanish definite articles are masculine (the) el and feminine (the) la (singular) and los and las ( the plurals of the).

the car the pistol the cars the pistols plural nounsel carro la pistola los carros las pistolas

Notice this in these questions.

verb article noun adjective verb article noun adjective

Is the car black? Is the pistol black? Singular Nouns

¿Es el carro negro? ¿Es la pistola negra?

verb article noun adjective verb article noun adjective

Are the cars black? Are the pistols black? Plural Nouns

¿Son los carros negros? ¿Son las pistolas negras?

Spanish has indefinite articles a (un and una) singular and some (unos and unas) plural.

a car a pistol some cars some pistols

un carro una pistola unos carros unas pistolas

RULE

The articles must also change and follow or agree with the nouns, just like the adjectives must follow or agree with the nouns they modify.Number Singular or Plural

In Spanish the articles must be made as plural articles (los, las, unos, unas) if the nouns are plural, so review the previous examples just listed above.

Spanish and English nouns can be singular or plural. Most plural words in Spanish end in S or ES. Usually if the word ends in the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) you add S, and if the word ends in a consonant like N (consonants are all the other letters of the alphabet) you add ES. If the consonant is Z, it changes to C and ES is added.

Look at the previous and these examples.

la identificación las identificaciónes la droga las drogasthe identification the identifications the drug the drugsel lápiz (pencil) los lápices (the pencils) el cargo (the charge) los cargos (the charges)

NEGATION

There are no equivalents in Spanish to the words don't, doesn't, did, and didn't. These are understood and contained in the verb itself, so all you have to do is just say NO in front of the verb for sentences and questions.

To form or build a negative sentence in Spanish, the word NO is placed directly in front of the conjugated verb.

The pistol is not black. Jose doesn't have a black car.

La pistola NO es negra. Jose No tiene un carro negro.

I am not Cuban. We don't go in the water.

Yo NO soy Cubano. Nosotros NO vamos en el agua.

There are reflexive verbs with reflexive pronouns that go in front of and accompany the conjugated verb, and with these verbs, NO is placed directly in front of the reflexive pronoun. Example: No me gusta las drogas, I don't like drugs. QUESTIONS

Interrogative words introduce a question. All question or interrogative words have a written accent and require a little more stress on the vowel when pronouncing. Some commonly used words are listed and used below.

WORD ORDER

In Spanish the subject and verb are inverted after an interrogative. Note the word order in these sentences. Pay attention to the word order of the English translation. You cannot always translate word for word from English to Spanish.

¿Dónde estoy yo? Where am I?

¿Qué‚ pasó a usted? What happened to you?

¿Qué‚ hora es? What hour/time is it? literal translation

First: The pronoun follows the verb like English.

This is the primary form we will use since you can control the verb, parts of speech, vocabulary and question and get the correct information by requiring only a yes or no answer to the question. With any other approach, the person or victim answering the question could change the verb tense, add other information, change vocabulary and parts of speech, or use a different verb you could not recognize.

Controlling the answer requires controlling the question unless you have years of time and study in the language.We will use the tag type method for your work.

In tape lesson three we will practice pronunciation, vocabulary, and questions using the Spanish interrogatory technique which is similar to English tag questioning.

Buena suerte. Good luck.

Pronunciation practice, Vocabulary and Phrases to learn and practice

Car Parts

motor, llanta, parabrisa, puerta, guardabarros, parchoques, maletero, volante, rueda, capo

Clothes

sombrero, camisa, pantalones, ropa interior, abrigo, calcetínes, zapatos, botas chaqueta, saco

Vocabulary

Phrases
 
 

1. No siento nada. I feel nothing.

2. ¿Siente algo? Do you feel anything?

3. ¿Dónde estoy yo? Where am I.

4. ¿Qué paso? What happened?

7. La ambulancia viene enseguida. The ambulance is coming now

8. ¿Se siente esto? Do you feel this (touching)?

9. ¿Conoce dónde está? Do you know where you are?

Ways to make questions in Spanish:

When you have completed Chapter 5, you will be able to: 1. know and explain why a dictionary does not translate all idioms

2. recite some slang or idioms

3. explain what an idiomatic phrase and idioms are and give 2 examples

This is a short chapter for reading and understanding primarily. What is a phrase? A phrase is a group of words that may or may not contain a subject and a verb and can never alone express a complete thought.

Which pistol is yours? The pistol on the bed (inferred from the question) The pistol on the bed (is mine). "Is mine" need not be stated because the question assisted and physically pointing completes the thought; alone it fails to be complete.An idiom or idiomatic phrase is a word or group of words that you cannot understand even with assistance because without a cultural reference, they don't mean anything.

Example:

Why did he hide the drugs under the bed? He had a half-baked idea.To my knowledge only English speaking people can bake ideas even half way. To a second language learner, translating the words is not a problem because you can do that with a translator or dictionary. People will not understand even if they know the words unless somebody explains the cultural reference behind the expression, then they might understand. The explanation would go something like this. In English some things can be half baked, not done like potatoes, and an idea can be a poor idea, a lousy idea, one that needs to be worked on, finished, or completed to be a good or a finished idea. We then transfer this baking the potato completely or until it’s fully cooked or done to mean it is then ready to eat or use, and then the same concept is applied to completed ideas.

One can see how difficult one little phrase can be and how long it takes using other words for a person to understand. A native speaker just knows what a half baked idea is from being exposed to the culture or having had someone take the arduous time to explain it to them at least once, because a dictionary won't cover many of these phrases and concepts. One just learns from experience. It is automatic to someone from the English-speaking culture.

Other examples are: You are crazier than a bat. The old ticker isn't working very good. He hasn't got any guts. You stink at this game.

There are millions of idioms in the English language and the Spanish language. Some estimate that 30% of any language consists of idiomatic words.

Examples:When the sun comes up

Where you can go

the building that shinesthat house in the mountain

the pistol on the bed

Thoughts are present but they are not complete. If you spoke like this or wrote only phrases nobody would ever completely understand what you are talking about or writing about.Try this with another person. Say to him or her "the building that shines." You should get a puzzled look from them meaning, "What are you talking about?" This is because you have spoken a phrase only and not a complete thought.

Orally you could complete the thought by physically pointing or making some other physical gesture to a question, but then inferences have to be made to be understood completely. Examples of these kinds of phrases and words follow. Unless you spend a lot of time and study or have a sufficient immersion experience, you will have trouble learning these phrases and concepts with this part of a second language.

The same problem exists for those learning Spanish and these idiomatic phrases simply do not translate without cultural background and explanation help. In almost every country the people will try to teach these words or phrases to the second language learner first. Examples are slang, dirty words, and the cuss words. Remember also that a computer translator program will not translate accurately these types of phrases, and you cannot use them to make a question normally on the computer because you will need constant editing assistance by someone who knows the cultural explanation, the correct phrase, or words that will mean about the same in English.

Spanish Slang and Idiomatic Phrases

chingao = worthless

coño = darn it in Paraguay

juera = blond girl

cuevon = very lazy or worthless

besame = kiss me

mamacita = little mother

juevos = eggs

maldito eso = darn it

mierda =manure
 
 

chino = pig bull

Pronunciation practice, Vocabulary and Phrases to learn and practice

Not all of the words are translated here but will be on the tape, learned in class or from a dictionary.

Vocabulary

Months meses Days días

enero domingo=sunday

febrero lunesmarzo martes

abril miércoles

mayo jueves= Thursday say hooo/ eh/ vehs

junio viernes

julio sábado

agosto

septiembre Seasons

octubre invierno= winter otoño = fall

noviembre primavera= spring verano=summerdiciembre

House things

sofa, televisión, radio, lampara, silla, estufa, refrigerador, mesa, cama, baño, chair,

(stove) (table) (bed) (bathroom)

cocina, cuarto de baño, camador, entrada, ropero, comedor, computador, alfombra, sala

Other words and phrases

golf, béisbol, futbol, baloncesto, futbol americano, nadar, hijo,cuñado, suegro, abuelo

¿Cuánto tiempo ha sido inconsciente?How long has he been unconscious?

derecho = straight

derecho = right Vivir Vivo en Omaha.

izquierda = left Comer Como tacos.arriba = up Beber Bebo cerveza.abajo = down Escribir Escribo español.

amigos = friends Limpiar Limpio el carro.penicilina = penicillin

Me lava mis manos. I wash my hands.

antibiótico = antibiotic

Me cepillo mis dientes. I brush my teeth.

insulina = insulin

Yo tiro la pistola. I shoot the pistol.

asma = asthma

Yo me manejo el carro. I drive the car.aspirina = aspirincirugía = surgery

idiom mierda del toro = shit of the bull = no translation of bullshit

bandage = venda

to bandage = vendar

Vaya = go

Venga =come

Salga = leave

De vuelta = turn around

Manos arriba = hands up

Pongase a sus rodillos = get on your knees

Pongase la pistola en el suelo.Put the pistol on the ground.

angina = angina

nitroglicirina = nitroglycerintipo de sangre = type of blood

tener la tensión alta (high) o abaja (low) = blood pressure high or lowalergías = allergies

When you have completed Chapter 6, you will be able to:1. say 10 commands from memory

2. say and read all commands

3. give commands and get the proper physical response

All these commands can be made negative by putting NO in front of the verbs.

Example verb

move mueva positive command

Don't move No mueva negative command
 

stop	detiene
stop	alto
turn off the engine	apague el motor
get out	salga del carro
hands up	manos arriba
put hands behind your back	ponga sus manos detrás de su inverso
put your hands behind your head	ponga sus manos detrás de su cabeza
put your hands on the car	ponga sus manos en el carro
spread your legs	ponga sus piernas apartes
lie on the ground	acueste en la tierra
get into the car	entre en el carro
get into the front seat of the car	entre en el asiento del frente del carro
get into the back seat of the car.	entre en el inverso asiento del carro
answer these questions	respuesta estas preguntas
answer these questions in Spanish	respuesta estas preguntas en español
get up	levantese
lie down	acueste en el suelo o piso
roll over	rollo encima de
sit down	sientese
stand up	pongase de pie
move left	haga movimiento izquierdo
move right	haga movimiento derecho
open your eyes	abre sus ojos
close your eyes	cierre sus ojos
say your name	diga a su nombre
move your legs	mueva sus piernas
move your arms	mueva sus brazos
swallow	trague
climb	suba
open your mouth	abre su boca
move your head back and forth	mueva su cabeza de un lado a otro
eat	coma
drink	beba
clean	limpie
wash	lave
jump	salto
run	corra
bath	bañe
shower	ducha
write	escriba
read	lea
listen	escuche
speak	hable
hear	oiga
talk	hable
tell	diga
say	diga
be quiet	está quieto
walk	ande
stroll	pase
color	ponga color
paint	ponga la pintura
scrub	frege
lift	alanze
raise	levante
make	haga
cook	cocine
blow	sople
cough	de tos
point	indique
scratch	rasguñe
erase	borre
sweep	barrie
disinfect	desinfecte
irrigate	irrigue
inject	inyecte
give	de
take	tome
go to the bathroom	vaya al baño
brush teeth	cepille dientes
wrap	envuelva
bandage	venda
work	trabaje
sleep	duerma
play	juegue a
sing	cante
shovel	pale
pick up	recoja
dig	excave
wipe	limpie
lock	de cerradura
place	ponga en lugar

 
 
 

When you have completed Chapter 7 you will be able to:1. understand how a translator program works in a computer

2. demonstrate the limitations of a translator program with idioms

3. explain why idioms are difficult to translate

4. make and write simple tag questions in English and Spanish

5. print out tag questions in Spanish

6. ask for editing help when needed and know why some words will not translate

This is included so that your skills will not become obsolete and the questions developed will not become obsolete because you will be able to meet new needs WITH EDITING ASSISTANCE ONLY.

In most programs, you type the English and then hit the translator button and the work is then translated. If a question is very simple and worded properly, it will translate 100%. Usually, however, only about 60% will be translated properly and the balance usually requires extensive editing. The programs do good work, but a machine does not think like a human. Anything unusual or complicated with idioms and phrases will be distorted or turn into nonsense or garbage.

If you use it properly, however, very simple questions can be made and some very limited use could be made from these programs. You could prepare questions of your own and then have someone review or edit them and add them to a flip chart of your own creation. Everybody usually has some favorite questions they want to use, and this could be a very useful way to enlarge your question banks.

You could practice the pronunciation some and then ask the questions you want for specific situations. You are very limited with this but some useful additions could be made to a flip chart in a speedy manner for those that want to expand their questions.

Below you will find three sets of translation by the computer with an analysis to the right side of the sentence.

1. If translated correctly, it will be stated to the right side as OK.

2. If not translated correctly, it will be stated to the right side as NOT OK.

Set 1 - English version

1. I eat a heck of a lot of tacos

2. Do you eat a heck of a lot of tacos?

3. I eat a lot of tacos.

4. Do you eat a lot of tacos.

5. Is your pistol black and green ?

6. Is your car black, yellow, red and orange?

7. This pistol is black and silver. Yes or No?

8. Is the pistol long barreled?

9. This medicine is for diabetes. Yes or No?

10. Does your head hurt?

11. Your arm feels broken. Yes or No?

12. You eat a lot of tacos. Yes or No?

13. Your car is black. Yes or No?

Set 1 - Spanish version or attempted translation

1. Como un [heck] de muchos tacos Not OK, contains an idiom, won't translate

2. ¿Come un [heck] de muchos tacos? Not OK, contains an idiom, won't translate

3. Como muchos tacos. OK, no idiom

4. Hagalo come muchos tacos. Not OK, translated (do) as a command

5. ¿Está su pistola negra y verde? OK

6. ¿Está su carro negro, amarillo, rojo y naranja? OK

7. Esta pistola es negra y plata. ¿Sí o No? OK

8. ¿Está la pistola anhela embarriló? Not OK wrong word for long

9. Esta medicina es por diabetes. ¿Sí o No? OK

10. ¿Hace su herida de la cabeza? Not OK, says "Does it make your wound from the head?"

11. Su brazo toca roto. ¿Sí o No? OK

12. Come muchos tacos. ¿Sí o No? OK

13. Su carro es negro. ¿Sí o No? OK

Notice that the punctuation is not correct with question marks.

These are all idiomatic in English, and notice that nothing will be translated correctly.

Set 2

1. You are crazier than a bat.

2. The old ticker isn't working very good.

3. He hasn't got any guts.

4. He hasn't got any guts.

5. You stink at this game.

___________________________________________________________________

Set 2 Spanish version or attempted translation

1. Está más loco que un palo. Not OK You are crazier than a stick.

2. El teletipo viejo no trabaja muy bueno. Not OK The teletype does not work good.

3. He hasn't got any guts. Not OK. Mistake in typing, it did nothing with the English.

4. No tiene hizo cualquier intestinos. Not OK, says "He has not did not make any intestines."

5. Hiede a este juego. Not OK, says "You unpleasant smell at this game."

Set 3 Here we use slang and cuss words mostly.

1. you bastard

2. damn you

3. what the hell is this?

4. what is this?

5. SOB

6. Are you an SOB?

7. Are these drugs from Mexico?

8. cabron

Set 3 Spanish version or attempted translation

1. usted bastardo Words are correct but meaning is distorted.

2. dique usted Not OK. Dique refers to damming up a river, not "damn" as was culturally intended.

3. ¿qué el infierno es éste? Not OK, meaning distorted and lost

4. ¿qué es éste? OK. This was a simple question.

5. [SOB] Not OK, never translated

6. ¿Está un [SOB]? Not OK, never translated

7. ¿Están estas drogas de Mexico? OK, simple question, no slang

8. cabron he-goat OK, but the first meaning is the ordinary meaning and is correct. The second meaning is the vulgar translation and means "You bastard"The balance of this lesson should be spent on a computer with a translation program to see what you can do with it. You will also quickly learn to make only very simply worded questions and understand the limitations of a translator program and your own limitations. You will also soon understand why you need someone who has a good working knowledge of the language to assist you from time to time with editing and review.

The computer lesson is only for more practice and review with some slang words and phrases pronounced that you might hear. Buena suerte. Good luck.Pronunciation Practice, Vocabulary and Phrases to learn and practice

escuela = school

Hace calor = It’s hot.trabajo = work

Hace frío = It’s cold.garaje = garage

Hace sol = It’s sunny.

ir de compras = shopping

Está nublado = It’s cloudy.

comprar = to buy

vender = to sell

¿Sabe leer? Do you know how to read?

esconder = to hide

Sabe escribir? Do you know how to write?

sufrir = to suffer

tener = to have

Callase = Shut up. No hable = No talking

poner = to put or place

¿Quiere agua? = Do you want water?juveniles = juveniles

¿Quiere comer? = Do you want to eat?

joven = young

¿Quiere ir al baño? = Do you want to go to the bathroom?

viejo = old

¿Quiere llamar alguien? = Do you want to call someone?bebe = baby

¿Tiene abogado? = Do you have a lawyer?armas = weapons

¿Quiere un abogado? = Do you want a lawyer?

registro = registration

Está mal = It’s bad.

Idiomatic phrases

bailar = to dance

Es una porqueria = It’s a bunch of shit or it’s really bad.

baile = dance

Bola con eso = The hell with that.

bar = bar or cantina

Pendejo = shithead or worse

bebidas = drinks

Puta = whore Puto = male whoresoda = soda

Maricon = butterflysopa = soup

sandwich = sandwich

chingao = worthless

garganta = throat

Vaya al infierno = go to hell

flu = el gripe

resfrio = cold

Caraco = shitdíarea = diahrrea

Huevos = eggs

Tiene huevos = He has guts

.papel de baño = bathroom paper

Dinero = money chavos = money pesos = pesos

papel de toilet = toilet paper

ducho = showerbaño = bath

peligro = danger

When you have completed Chapter 8, you will be able to

1. recite and read each or some of the scenarios and sets of questions

2. review how to make tag questions

3. make tag questions in proper word order

SHORT REVIEW of a SPANISH TAG TYPE INTERROGATORY OR QUESTION

To make a question using the tag format you simply make a worded statement that can require only a yes or no response. To form tag questions, you word the statement just as you would in an English tag question and then require a yes or no answer.English Tag Questions

Instead of asking a question the normal way in English, change the word structure and reword the statement.

Normal question order in English

1. Is the revolver black? Reverse word order tag method

2. The revolver is black. Yes or no? Normal question order in English

3. Is the car green? Reverse word order tag method

4. The car is green. Yes or no?Now you will do the same using the Spanish verb you learned—es (is), and substitute vocabulary to create the question you want answered, applying this tag type question method or interrogatory approach.

Think in this manner: In the first example you want to find out if the number five hospital is white.

Ask:

1. El hospital numero cinco es blanco ¿Sí o no?

Hospital number five is white yes or no?

2. El revolver es negro. ¿Sí o no? The revolver is black yes or no?

3. El motel es gris. ¿Sí o no?

The motel is gray yes or no?

4. La medicina es roja. ¿Sí o no? The medicine is red yes or no?

5. La droga es blanca. ¿Sí o no?

The drug is white yes or no?

Using this tag type method, you can acquire a great deal of information quickly without help. If the vowel sounds are always made, you will be understood. Try each lesson to make five questions of your own using different vocabulary and verbs from the other lessons. Look at the above five examples.

If you have trouble, be sure to ask for help.

Now you should be able to pronounce most of the words, read and make tag type questions and acquire some information you may need in a work situation.

Samples:

TASK 1

General Personal Information

Name, Live, Work, School, Age, Where From, Marital Status, Height, Weight, Family, Language
 

Understanding	1. Usted entiende a mi.	¿ Sí o No?
	Do you understand me?	Yes or No?
	2. Me comprende.	¿Sí o No?
	Do you understand me?	Yes or No?
Language	1. Habla usted inglés.	¿Sí o No?
	Do you speak English?	Yes or No?
	2. Habla usted español.	¿Sí o No?
	Do you speak Spanish?	Yes or No?
	3. Sabe usted leer inglés.	¿Sí o No?
	Do you know how to read English?	Yes or No?
	4. Sabe usted leer español.	¿Sí o No?
	Do you know how to read Spanish?	Yes or No?
Name	1. ¿Cómo se llama?_____
	What is your name?
	2. ¿Quíen es usted?_____
	Who are you?
Live	1. ¿Dónde vive?_____
	Where do you live?
	2. ¿Dónde viven ustedes?______
	Where do you (plural) live?
	3. ¿Cuál es su dirección?_______
	What is your address?
Work	1. Usted trabaja.		¿Sí o No?
	You work.		Yes or No?
	2. ¿Dónde trabaja usted?______
	Where do you work?
School	1. Asiste escuela.		¿Sí o No?
	You attend school.		Yes or No?
	2. ¿Asiste cuál escuela?______
	Which school do you attend?
Age	1. Usted tiene 18 años.		¿Sí o No?
	You are 18 years old.		Yes or No?
	2. Usted tiene 19 años.		¿Sí o No?
	You are 19 years old.		Yes or No?
	3. Usted tiene 21 años.		¿Sí o No?
	You are 21 years old.		Yes or No?
	4. ¿Cuántos años tiene usted?_______
	How old are you?
Marital Status	1. Está casado.		¿Sí o No?
	You are married.		Yes or No?
	2. Está soltero.		¿Sí o No?
	You are single.		Yes or No?
Where From	1. ¿De dónde es usted?______
	Where are you from
Height	1. ¿Cuál es su estatura?_____
	What is your height?
Weight	1. ¿Qué es su peso?_____
	What is your weight?
Religion	1. Usted tiene una religión.		¿Sí o No?
	You have a religion.		Yes or No?
	2. ¿Cual es su religión?_____
	What is your religion?
Family	1. Usted tiene hijos.		¿Sí o No?
	You have children?		Yes or No?
	2. ¿Cuántos hijos tiene usted?______
	How many kids do you have?
Medicine	1. Usted toma medicina.		¿Sí o No?
	You take medicine.		Yes or No?

 
 

	2. Usted tomó la medicina en la mañana.	¿Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the morning.	Yes or No?
	3. Usted tomó la medicina en la tarde.	¿Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the afternoon.	Yes or No?
	4. Usted tomó la medicina en la noche.	¿Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the night.	Yes or No?
	5. ¿A que hora fue cuando tomó la medicina la ultima vez?___
	6. At what hour was it when you last took the medicine?
	7. ¿Que es el nombre de la medicina?_______
	8. What is the name of the medicine?

 

TASK 2

Identifying yourself or position or function

Hola = Hi

I am =SOY= soh/ eee

Buenos Días= Good Morning

Buenas Tardes = Good Afternoon

Buenas Noches = Good Evening

1. Soy policía de_________ I am police from_______________

say your town,county, or state in English

2. Soy agente policía federal. _________ I am a Federal police agent. ________

name

3. Soy teniente__________ I am lieutenant________

say your name in English

4. Soy sargento____________ I am sargent________

say your name in English

5. Soy capitan___________ I am captain________

say your name in English

6. Soy sheriff____________ I am sheriff _______

say your name in English

7. Soy ayudante del sheriff__________ I am deputy sheriff_______

say your name in English

8. Soy auxiliar sanitario__________ I am paramedic_______

say your name in English

9. Soy transeunte______________ I am a passerby_______

say your name in English

10. Soy conductor______________ I am a driver_________

say your name in English

11. Soy pasajero______________ I am a passenger________

say your name in English

12. Soy médico______________ I am Doctor________

say your name in English

13. Soy enfermera______________ I am nurse_________

say your name in English

14. Soy voluntario______________ I am a volunteer________

say your name in English

15. Soy testigo______________ I am witness________

say your name in English

16. Soy ayudante______________ I am helper________

say your name in English

17. Soy empleado de _____________ I am employee of ________
 
 

TASK 1	General Information Questions	Page 7
TASK 2	Identifying Your Official Position	10
TASK 3	Traffic Stop Misdemeanor	12
TASK 4	Traffic Accident	16
TASK 5	Medical Emergencies	19
TASK 6	Assaults or Fights	27
TASK 7	Juveniles	35
TASK 8	Missing Persons	39
TASK 9	Felony-Stop	45
TASK 10	Domestic Cases	48
TASK 11	Directives, Commands and Orders	58
TASK 12	Physical Descriptions and Terms	61
TASK 13	Miranda Rights - Search Release - Sample Ticket, Complaint Form, Medical and Insurance	70
TASK 14	Medical and Insurance
TASK 15	Financial
TASK 16	Real Estate
TASK 17	Cars
TASK 18	Dental
TASK 19	School
TASK 20	Personnel
TASK 21	Store
Appendix 1	Sample Verb Chart With Tenses	74
Appendix 2	Suggested Additional Written and Oral Exercises	85

Pronunciation guide and some frequently used words -

Spanish Vowels:

Vowel Sound

A Ah

E Eh

I Eee

O Oh

U Ooo

CONSONANTS

The best approach on consonants is to give the letter the sound you would in English and worry about the exceptions later. You will be correct most of the time.
 

Letter and Name	How the consonant sound is made in most words
	Word Pronunciation
b be	bota=boh tah
c ce	Ponce=pohn say
d de	damos=dah mohs
f efe	Fabio=fah beee oh
g ge	gusto=gooo stoh
h hache	Never pronounce this letter; it is always silent
j jo ta	trabajo=trah bah hoh Usually give j an English h sound
k ca	rarely used in Spanish, but like the word kilo=keee loh
l ele	Lola=loh lah
ll elle	me llamo=meh yah moh, amarillo=ah mah reee yoh
m eme	mulo=mooo loh
n ene	nacho=nah choh
ñ eñe	mañana=mahn yah nah
p peh	pecho=peh choh
q cu	the letter is pronounced like these words: que=k, qui=keee, quiero=keee eh roh
r ere	ropa=roh pah, roto=roh toh
rr erre or  double rr=doble ere	You must trill the rr’s
s ese	peso=peh soh
t te	taco=tah coh, techo=teh cho
v ve	vamos=vah mohs
w doble ve	rarely used, pronounce like English whiskey=weee skeee
x equis	sexo=seh x oh
y i griega	i, pronounce like eee when alone
z zeta	zodiac=zoh deee ahc

Also Remember

G has a strong hard sound and a soft smooth sound in Spanish. When g is followed by a, o, or u; occurs at the beginning of a word; or follows n, the sound of g in Spanish is similar to the strong hard g sound in go.

Gabio galleta gusto gringo

When the g is followed by e or l, the sound of g in Spanish is similar to the strongly exaggerated sound of h in the English word hen.

gente generalísimo

The combinations of letters -gue and -gui are pronounced like the g in go. The u in -gue and -gui is silent. The function of the u in these letter combinations is to make the g hard.

guerra guisano Gutierez

CH has a sound in Spanish similar to the ch in chocolate.

muchos chaleco chocolate

J has a sound in Spanish similar to the hard h sound in English.

Jalisco juego jugamos

LL has a sound in Spanish similar to the y in ya. Occasionally in Spanish, ll will be pronounced like the sound of -lli in million. However, the l sound is very soft.

llama billete me llamo

T has a crisp sound in Spanish and the tongue should barely touch the back of your upper front teeth.

taco Teresita tamales

Y has a sound in Spanish similar to the y in yes.

yunta mayo

When y means and in Spanish, the pronunciation of this word is similar to the sound of the long e in English - ee as in sea

W occurs in Spanish only in words that have a foreign source. The sound of w in Spanish is similar to the sound of w in wobbly.

Whiskey

X has two sounds. When x is located at the beginning of a Spanish word, the sound of x is ks. Few words start with x in Spanish.

Xenon

When x occurs in the middle of a word, the sound of x is similar to the sound of j in Spanish or the sound of h in English.

Mexico sexos
 
 

Z has the same pronunciation as the s in most Spanish-speaking areas. However, the z in Spanish is not as buzzed or strongly pronounced as it is in English.

zona zebra zorro

when a strictly Castillian pronunciation is used, the z sounds similar to the English th:

zapatos zapatillas

R is pronounced with a slight hitting of the tongue against the ridge behind the front teeth when the r occurs at the end of a word or when the r occurs in the middle of the word and is not preceded by l, n, or s.

mero andar otras beberemos

When r is located at the beginning of a word or when it is preceded by l, n, or s, the r is strongly trilled.

robo ratón alrededor

RR represents a single consonant. In Spanish, rr is strongly trilled, in much the same manner as saying better butter quickly.

perro carro ferrocarril

Syllabification

Basically, you break a word into syllables just like in primary or grade school.

Rule 1 A vowel sound can stand alone, be pronounced alone and does not always need a consonant.

U / NO =OOO/NOH

vowel alone break consonant vowel

U / NA =OOO/NAH
 
 

Rule 2 A consonant usually must be pronounced with and accompany a vowel.

NA / CHO

consonant-vowel break consonant- vowel

na/vi/dad ca/sa ca/mi/sa e/du/ca/ci/ón mu/cha/cho po/li/cí/a pi/sto/la

Remember to pronounce the vowel sounds.

PI / STO / LA = peee/stoh/lah

PO / LI / CI / A = poh/leee/seee/ah

A diphthong is a word with two vowels together. Both vowels must be pronounced. A vowel can never be omitted and must be pronounced. Two examples are frío= freee oh cold and día=deee ah day.

MAKE THE FIVE VOWEL SOUNDS EVERY TIME.
 

Numbers=numeros uno=one dos=two tres=three cuatro=four say coo/ah/tro cinco=five say sink/ko seis=six say seh/ee/s siete=seven say see/eht/teh ocho=eight nueve=nine say noo/ehv/veh diez=ten say dee/ehz once=eleven say ohn/seh doce=twelve trece=thirteen say treh/seh catorce=fourteen say kah/tohr/seh quince=fifteen say keen/seh diez y seis=sixteen say dee/ehz/eee/seh/ee/s

Colors=colores rojo=red say roh/hoh amarillo=yellow say ah/mah/reel/yoh azul=blue say ah/zool negro=black say neh/gro blanco=white say blah/n/ko verde=green say vehrd/deh anaranjado=orange say ah/nah/rahn/hah/doh color de cafe=brown say ko/lohr/deh/kah/feh pardo=brown say pahrd/doh maron=brown say mahr/rohn oro=gold say oh/roh plata=silver plah/tah morado=purple say moh/rah/doh

diez y ocho=eighteen diez y nueve=nineteen veinte=twenty say veh/een/teh veinte y uno=21 say/veh/een/teh eee ooo/noh treinta=30 say treh/een/tah cuarenta=40 say quah/rent/tah cincuenta=50 say seen/quent/tah sesenta=60 say seh/sent/tah setenta=70 say seh/tent/tah ochenta=80 say oh/chent/tah noventa=90 say noh/vent/tah cien=100 say see/en ciento y uno=101 say see/int/toh/eee/ooo/noh

Practice all the colors with model sentences. Changes are made for agreement in gender. La pistola es roja. El carro es negro. La pistola es negra. El carro es negro. La medicina es morada. La droga es morada. INTERROGATORY (QUESTION) WORDS Qué=what say keh or K Cómo=how say koh/moh Dónde=where say dohn/deh Quíen=who say kee/en Quénes=whom say kee/en/ehs Cuánto=how much say quahn/toh Cuántos=how many say quahn/tohs Porqué=why say pohr/keh Do dónde=from where say deh/dohn/deh A dónde=to where say ah/dohn/deh Para dónde=to where say pah/rah/dohn/deh De qué=of what say deh/K Cuál=which say kooo/ahl Cuáles=which ones say kooo/ahl/lehs

 

TASK 1

General Personal Information

Name, Live, Work, School, Age, Where From, Marital Status, Height, Weight, Family, Language
 

Understanding	1. Usted entiende a mi. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you understand me? Yes or No?
	2. Me comprende. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you understand me? Yes or No?
Language	1. Habla usted inglés. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you speak English? Yes or No?
	2. Habla usted español. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you speak Spanish? Yes or No?
	3. Sabe usted leer inglés. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you know how to read English? Yes or No?
	4. Sabe usted leer español. ¿ Sí o No?
	Do you know how to read Spanish? Yes or No?
Name	1. ¿Cómo se llama?_____
	What is your name?
	2. ¿Quíen es usted?_____
	Who are you?
Live	1. ¿Dónde vive?_____
	Where do you live?
	2. ¿Dónde viven ustedes?______
	Where do you (plural) live?
	3. ¿Cuál es su dirección?_______
	What is your address?

 
 

Work	1. Usted trabaja. ¿ Sí o No?
	You work. Yes or No?
	2. ¿Dónde trabaja usted?______
	Where do you work?
School	1. Asiste escuela. ¿ Sí o No?
	You attend school. Yes or No?
	2. ¿Asiste cuál escuela?______
	Which school do you attend?
Age	1. Usted tiene 18 años. ¿ Sí o No?
	You are 18 years old. Yes or No?
	2. Usted tiene 19 años. ¿ Sí o No?
	You are 19 years old. Yes or No?
	3. Usted tiene 21 años. ¿ Sí o No?
	You are 21 years old. Yes or No?
	4. ¿Cuántos años tiene usted?_______
	How old are you?
Marital Status	1. Está casado. ¿ Sí o No?
	You are married. Yes or No?
	2. Está soltero. ¿ Sí o No?
	You are single. Yes or No?
Where From	1. ¿De dónde es usted?______
	Where are you from
Height	1. ¿Cuál es su estatura?_____
	What is your height?
Weight	1. ¿Qué es su peso?_____
	What is your weight?
Religion	1. Usted tiene una religión. ¿ Sí o No?
	You have a religion. Yes or No?
	2. ¿Cual es su religión?_____
	What is your religion?
Family	1. Usted tiene hijos. ¿ Sí o No?
	You have children? Yes or No?
	2. ¿Cuántos hijos tiene usted?______
	How many kids do you have?
Medicine	1. Usted toma medicina. ¿ Sí o No?
	You take medicine. Yes or No?
	2. Usted tomó la medicina en la mañana. ¿ Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the morning. Yes or No?
	3. Usted tomó la medicina en la tarde. ¿ Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the afternoon. Yes or No?
	4. Usted tomó la medicina en la noche. ¿ Sí o No?
	You took the medicine in the night. Yes or No?
	5. ¿A que hora fue cuando tomó la medicina la ultima vez?___
	6. At what hour was it when you last took the medicine?
	7. ¿Que es el nombre de la medicina?_______
	8. What is the name of the medicine?

 

TASK 2

Identifying yourself or position or function
 
 

Hola = Hi

I am =SOY= soh/ eee

Buenos Días= Good Morning

Buenas Tardes = Good Afternoon

Buenas Noches = Good Evening

2. Soy agente policía federal. _________ (name)

I am a Federal police agent. ________

3. Soy teniente__________ (say your name in English)

I am lieutenant________

4. Soy sargento____________ (say your name in English)

I am sargent________

5. Soy capitan___________ (say your name in English)

I am captain________

6. Soy sheriff____________ (say your name in English)

I am sheriff _______

10. Soy conductor__________ (say your name in English)

I am a driver_________

11. Soy pasajero___________ (say your name in English)

I am a passenger________

12. Soy médico____________ (say your name in English)

I am Doctor________

13. Soy enfermera____________ (say your name in English)

I am nurse_________

14. Soy voluntario____________ (say your name in English)

I am a volunteer________

15. Soy testigo___________ (say your name in English)

I am witness________

16. Soy ayudante___________ (say your name in English)

I am helper________

17. Soy empleado de _____________

I am employee of ________

TASK 3

Traffic Stop

Ordinary ticket only
 
 

Hola

Hi

Identifying yourself 1 Soy policía de ___________ I am police from_______________

say your town, county, or state in English

SOY= soh/ eee

Understanding 1. Usted entiende a mi. ¿Sí o No?

Do you understand me? Yes or No?

2. Me comprende. ¿Sí o No?

Do you understand me? Yes or No?

Language 1. Habla usted inglés. ¿Sí o No?

Do you speak English? Yes or No?

2. Habla usted español. ¿Sí o No?

Do you speak Spanish? Yes or No?

Car License Registration Insurance

Command

deh/ meh/ soo/ lee/ sens/ see/ ah, reh/ hee/ stroh, ee tar/ het/ tah/ deh seh/ goo/ roh

1. Deme su licencia, registro, y tarjeta de seguro.

Some Offenses

Speeding Velocidad Excesivo

Stoplight No alto

Failure to Yield No ceda el paso

Seatbelt No usa cinturon de seguridad

No license No licencia

No registration No registro

No plates No placas

No insurance No seguro

Cross over centerline Cruzar la linea que marca el centro

Improper signal No hace señal correcto

No signal No señal dado

No dim lights No cambia sus luces

Not functioning No funciona

light la luz

Warning Only

1. Le doy una citación de advertencia solamente para ___ Entiende. ¿Sí o No?

I am giving you a citation for warning only for ___

Do you understand Yes or No?
 
 

Ticket Signing Aquí está la citación y usted debe firmarla.

Here is the citation and you must sign it.

Goodbye Adiós

No Signing

Si no firme esta citación tengo que arrestar usted. Entendido.

¿Sí o No?

If you don't sign this citation I have to arrest you. Understood. Yes or No?

See Arrest Routine

Rights

Instructions

Mail

Traffic Accident
 
 
 

Investigation Of driver medical drinking physical

car lights tires windshield motor brakes

direction road conditions speed signal weather

Answer the questions Yes or No

Conteste Usted Sí o No

or Respuesta las preguntas Sí o No

Come with me Venga conmigo

Sit in my car Sientese en mi carro

You are 18 years old Yes or no? Tiene 18 años. ¿Sí o no?

You are 19 years old Yes or no? Tiene 19 años. ¿Sí o no?

You are 21 years old Yes or no? Tiene 21 años. ¿Sí o no?

You were drinking yes or no? Bebía usted. ¿Sí o no?

You have been drinking yes or no? Ha bebido usted. ¿Sí o no?

What happened

1. You were going straight. Yes or no?

Iba recto. ¿Sí o no?

Iba al norte. ¿Sí o no?

4. You were going east. Yes or no ?

Iba al este. ¿Sí o no?

5. You were going west. Yes or No?

Iba al oeste. ¿Sí o no?

6. You crossed the center line. Yes or no?

Cruzó el centro linea. ¿Sí o no?

7. You crossed the median. Yes or No?

Cruzó el del medio. ¿Sí o No?

8. You were going down the hill. Yes or No?

Bajaba la colina. ¿Sí o No?

9. You were turning left. Yes or No?

Se ponía a la izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

10. You were turning right. Yes or No?

Se ponía al derecho. ¿Sí o No?

11. You signaled left. Yes or No?

Usted dió señal a la izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

12. You signaled right. Yes or No?

Usted dió señal al derecho . ¿Sí o No?

13. The other vehicle hit your vehicle. Yes or No?

El otro vehículo pegó su vehículo. ¿Sí o No?

14. Your vehicle hit the other vehicle. Yes or No?

Su vehículo pegó el otro vehículo. ¿Sí o No?

a la frente =front detrás = behind al lado = side

15. You exceeded the speed limit. Yes or No?

Excedió la rapidez limita. ¿Sí o No?

16. You reduced your speed. Yes or No?

Redujo su rapidez. ¿Sí o No?

Su vehículo golpeó el trasero del otro vehículo. ¿Sí o No ?

18. Your vehicle struck the front of the other vehicle. yes or no?

Su vehículo golpeó el frente del otro vehículo. ¿Sí o No?

19. Your vehicle struck the side of the other vehicle. yes or no?

Su vehículo golpeó el lado del otro vehículo. ¿Sí o No?

20. Your car rolled over. Yes or No?

Su carro rodó por encima . ¿Sí o No?

21. Your car went into the ditch. Yes or No?

Su carro fue en la reguera. ¿Sí o No?

22. You were injured. Yes or No?

Se dañó. ¿Sí o No?

23. The other driver was injured. Yes or No?

Se dañó el otro chofer. ¿Sí o No?

24. Your head has pain. Yes or No?

Su cabeza tiene dolor. ¿Sí o No?

25. You are bleeding. Yes or No?

Sangra usted. ¿Sí o No?

26. You took medicine. Yes or No?

Tomó medicina. ¿Sí o No?

27. You take drugs. Yes or No?

Toma drogas. ¿Sí o No?

28. You feel nausea. Yes or No?

Toca náusea. ¿Sí o No?

29. You drank beers. Yes or no?

Bebió cervezas. ¿Sí o No?

¿Cuántas? = How many?
 
 

TASK 5

Accident or Medical Emergency
 
 

1. You have pain in the head Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la cabeza ¿Sí o No?

2. You have pain in the right eye Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el ojo del derecho. ¿Sí o No?

3. You have pain in the left eye Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el ojo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

4. You have pain in the nose Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la nariz. ¿Sí o No?

5. Tiene dolor en la oreja. ¿Sí o No?

You have pain in the ear Yes or No?

6. You have pain in the mouth Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la boca. ¿Sí o No?

7. You have pain in the teeth Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en los dientes. ¿Sí o No?

8. You have pain in the throat Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la garganta. ¿Sí o No?

9. You have pain in the shoulder Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el hombro. ¿ Sí o No?

10. You have pain in the left side Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el lado izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

11. You have pain in the right side Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el lado del derecho. ¿Sí o No?

12. You have pain in the heart Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el corazón. ¿Sí o No?

13. You have pain in the stomach Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el estómago. ¿Sí o No?

14. You have pain in the right arm. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el brazo del derecho. ¿Sí o No?

15. You have pain in the left arm. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el brazo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

16. You have pain in the right hand. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la mano derecha. ¿Sí o No?

17. You have pain in the left hand. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la mano izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

18. You have pain in the left wrist. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la muñeca izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

19. You have pain in the right wrist Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la muñeca correcta. ¿Sí o No?

20. You have pain in the right hand fingers Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la mano derecha toca. ¿Sí o No?

21. You have pain in the left hand fingers Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la mano izquierda toca ¿Sí o No?

22. You have pain in the right elbow Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el codo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

23. You have pain in the left elbow. Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el codo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

24. You have pain in the private parts Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en las partes privadas. ¿Sí o No?

25. You have pain in the left buttock Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la nalga izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

26. You have pain in the right buttock Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la nalga correcta. ¿Sí o No?

27. You have pain in the right leg Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la pierna correcta. ¿Sí o No?

28. You have pain in the left leg Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la pierna izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

29. You have pain in the left knee Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la rodilla izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

30. You have pain in the right knee Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la rodilla correcta. ¿Sí o No?

31. You have pain in the right thigh Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el muslo correcto. ¿Sí o No?

32. You have pain in the left thigh Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el muslo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

33. You have pain in the right ankle Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el tobillo derecho. ¿Sí o No?

34. You have pain in the left ankle Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el tobillo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

35. You have pain in the right calf Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el ternero derecho. ¿Sí o No?

36. You have pain in the left calf Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el ternero izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

37. You have pain in the right foot Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el pie del derecho. ¿Sí o No?
 
 

38. You have pain in the left foot Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el pie izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

39. You have pain in the right toes Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en los dedos del pie derecho. ¿Sí o No?

40. You have pain in the left toes Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en los dedos del pie izquierdos. ¿Sí o No?

Espalda = back (the entire back)

41. You have pain in the upper back Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el inverso superior. ¿Sí o No?

42. You have pain in the lower back Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el m s bajo inverso. ¿Sí o No?

43. You have pain in the middle back Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el inverso del medio. ¿Sí o No?

44. You have pain in the neck Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en el cuello. ¿Sí o No?

45. You have pain in the cheek Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la mejilla. ¿Sí o No?

La derecha o la izquierda. The right or the left.

46. You have pain in the tongue Yes or No?

Tiene dolor en la lengua. ¿Sí o No?

47. You can see Yes or No?

Puede ver. ¿ Sí o No?

48. You can hear Yes or No?

Puede oir. ¿Sí o No?

49. You can smell Yes or No?

Puede oler. ¿Sí o No?

50. You can taste Yes or No?

Puede saborear. ¿Sí o No?

51. You can feel Yes or No?

Siente cosas. ¿Sí o No?

52. You have high blood pressure Yes or No?

Tiene presión de la sangre alta. ¿Sí o No?

53. You have low blood pressure Yes or No?

Tiene baja presión de la sangre. ¿Sí o No?

54. You have diabetes Yes or No?

Tiene diabetes. ¿Sí o No?

55. You have allergies Yes or No?

Tiene alergias. ¿Sí o No?

56. You have asthma Yes or No?

Tiene asma. ¿Sí o No?

57. You know your blood type Yes or No?

Sabe su tipo de la sangre. ¿Sí o No?

58. Your blood type is_____ A B O+ O-

Su tipo de la sangre es ____ A B O+(positivo) O-(negativo)

59. You have a heart condition Yes or No?

Tiene un corazón con una condición. ¿Sí o No?

60. You have breathing problems Yes or No?

Tiene problemas respiratorios. ¿Sí o No?

61. You can move your right leg Yes or No?

Tiene movimiento de su pierna derecha. ¿Sí o No?

62. You can move your left leg Yes or No?

Tiene movimiento de su pierna izquierda. ¿Sí o No?

63. You can move your right arm Yes or No?

Tiene movimiento de su brazo del derecho. ¿Sí o No?

64. You can move your left arm Yes or No?

Tiene movimiento de su brazo izquierdo. ¿Sí o No?

65. You are cold Yes or No?

Tiene frío. ¿Sí o No?

66. You are hot Yes or No?

Tiene calor. ¿Sí o No?

67. You feel faint Yes or No?

Toca se desmaya. ¿Sí o No?

68. You have diseases Yes or No?

Tiene enfermedades. ¿Sí o No?

69. You can blink your eyes Yes or No?

Usted reflejo del sus ojos. ¿Sí o No?

70. You take medications Yes or No?

Toma medicaciónes. ¿Sí o No?

71. You suffer from angina Yes or No?

Padece de angina. ¿Sí o No?

72. You suffer from indigestion Yes or No?

Padece indigestión. ¿Sí o No?

73. Are you bleeding Yes or No?

Sangra usted. ¿Sí o No?

74. Do you feel dull pain Yes or No?

Toca dolor embotado. ¿Sí o No?

75. Do you feel sharp pain Yes or No?

Toca dolor afilado. ¿Sí o No?

76. Do you feel throbbing pain Yes or No?

Toca dolor palpitante. ¿Sí o No?

77. Do you feel constant aching pain Yes or No?

Toca dolor del dolor constante. ¿Sí o No?

78. You are able to swallow Yes or No?

Puede tragar. ¿Sí o No?

79. Is this ok Yes or No?

Está este OK. ¿Sí o No?

80. Is this too tight Yes or No?

Está este demasiado firme. ¿Sí o No?

81. Is this too loose Yes or No?

Está este demasiado suelto. ¿Sí o No?

82. Do you want a blanket Yes or No?

Quiere una manta. ¿Sí o No?

83. ¿Está caliente ¿Sí o No?

This is hot Yes or No

86. Who is your doctor?_____

¿Quíen es su doctor? _____
 
 

Relax Relaje

Be quiet Está quieto

Don't move no mueva

Move mueva

Eat come

Lie down acuesta

Calm down calmase

Get in the car sube el carro
 
 

TASK 6